User: JerryFriedman
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Here's my talk page.
I live in New Mexico and teach physics and math. However, I haven't found many articles on those topics that need improvement, so most of my edits have been on other topics, such as birdwatching and speculative fiction.
I'm not a compulsive proofreader. I could quit any time.
Style tip: Have some doubt about using "would" or "was to" to describe single past events. For example, "In 19xx, X went to A, where he was to meet his lifelong lover, L. He would also win the P Prize while there." If your narration is chronological, consider whether "In 19xx, X went to A, where he met his lifelong lover, L. He also won the P Prize." would be better. If your narrative isn't chronological, consider whether it should be.
(Of course, this doesn't apply to repeated events: "In A, he would often verb.")
Articles I've started:
- Christmas Bird Count
- American Birding Association
- Tom Brown's School Days (now merged with a later article under the title Tom Brown's Schooldays)
- Space Trilogy
- Thornton Burgess
- Zone-tailed Hawk
- White-throated Hawk
- Rodolfo Amando Philippi
- What's Bred in the Bone
- Lazuli Bunting
- Pygmy Nuthatch
To do (unless somebody does them first):
- Lesser Goldfinch
- Mountain Plover
- Prairie Falcon
You can reach me at mailto:jerry_friedman@yahoo.com. The spammers are already doing their worst.
| Contents |
Toolbox
International Phonetic Alphabet for English
/i:/ close front unrounded vowel IPA [iː]
/I/ near-close near-front unrounded vowel IPA [ɪ]
/eI/ diphthong: close-mid front unrounded vowel + near-close near-front unrounded vowel IPA [eɪ]
/E/ open-mid front unrounded vowel IPA [ɛ]
/&/ near-open front unrounded vowel
- IPA [æ]
/A:/ open back unrounded vowel
- IPA [ɑː]
/A./ BrE open back rounded vowel
- BrE [ɒ]
/O:/ open-mid back rounded vowel
- IPA [ɔː]
/V/ open-mid back unrounded vowel
- IPA [ʌ]
/oU/ AmE close-mid back rounded vowel + near-close near-back rounded vowel
- IPA AmE [oʊ]
/@U/ BrE schwa + near-close near-back rounded vowel
- BrE [əʊ]
/U/ near-close near-back rounded vowel
- IPA [ʊ]
- IPA [uː]
/:/ [ː]
Reduced vowels
These are vowels that occur in unstressed syllables.
- roses - close central unrounded vowel AmE only. This sound is called barred-i
- IPA [ɨ]
/@/
- IPA [ə]
- runner - AmE only. This is called an r-colored schwa. This is a single sound, not a sequence of schwa and r.
- IPA [ɚ]
- SAMPA [@`]
- button - AmE only. This is called syllabic n.
- IPA [n̩]
- bottom - AmE only. This is called syllabic m.
- IPA [m̩]
R-colored vowels
These are plain vowels that are followed by r.
- her
- IPA AmE [ɝ] BrE [ɜ]
- near
- IPA AmE [iɹ] BrE [ɪə]
- marry - AmE only *
- IPA [æɹ]
- merry - AmE only *
- IPA [ɛɹ]
- bare
- IPA AmE [eɹ] BrE [ɛə]
- car
- IPA AmE [aɹ] BrE [aː]
- core
- IPA AmE [ɔɹ] BrE [ɔə]
- pure
- IPA AmE [ʊɹ] BrE [ʊə]
- fire
- IPA AmE [aɪɚ] BrE [aɪə]
- hour
- IPA AmE [aʊɚ] BrE[aʊə]
* For many speakers of American English, all or some of [æ], [ɛ], and [e] are merged before [r]. That is, merry, marry, and/or Mary are homophones. The vowel is pronounced as [eɹ]. For speakers of British English, these sequences are just the plain vowel, with [ɹ] beginning the next syllable;
Diphthongs
Diphthongs are vowel sounds that smoothly glide from one vowel to another.
/aI/
- IPA [aɪ]
/OI/
- IPA [ɔɪ]
/aU/
- IPA [aʊ]
/ju/
- IPA [ju]
Consonants
Stops
/p/ - voiceless bilabial plosive
- IPA [p]
- IPA [b]
/t/ voiceless alveolar plosive
- IPA [t]
- IPA [d]
- IPA [k]
- IPA [g]
[?] glottal stop (not usually considered a separate phoneme of English.)
- IPA [ʔ]
The voiceless stops, [p], [t], and [k] are aspirated when they occur at the beginning of stressed syllables. Aspiration is marked in IPA with a superscript h. These symbols are thus [pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ].
Nasals
/n/ alveolar nasal
- IPA [n]
/m/ bilabial nasal
- IPA [m]
- emphasis - labiodental nasal - this is not a separate phoneme, but an allophone of m
- IPA [ɱ]
- /N/ - This sound is called engma, eng or agma
- SAMPA [N]
Fricatives
/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative
- IPA [f]
/v/ voiced labiodental fricative
- IPA [v]
/T/ voiceless interdental fricative
- IPA [θ]
/D/ voiced interdental fricative
- IPA [ð]
/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative
- IPA [s]
- IPA [z]
/S/ voiceless postalveolar fricative - This symbol is called esh
- IPA [ʃ]
/Z/ voiced postalveolar fricative - This symbol is called ezh or yogh
- IPA [ʒ]
/h/ voiceless glottal fricative
- IPA [h]
Affricates
/tS/
- IPA [tʃ]
/dZ/
- IPA [dʒ]
A distinction is made in English between affricates and a series of a stop and fricative, because a syllable boundary never separates an affricate, but it might separate a stop/fricative sequence.
Approximants
Approximants, also called liquids, are smooth sounds that are almost like vowels. /l/ lateral alveolar approximant
- IPA [l]
- SAMPA [l]
- coal - velarized lateral alveolar approximant - this sound is sometimes called dark l (not a separate phoneme of English, but an allophone of [l])
- IPA [ɫ]
- IPA [ɹ]
[*] alveolar flap (not a separate phoneme of English, but an allophone of [t] and [d])
- IPA [ɾ]
- IPA [w]
- IPA [j]
[w] and [j] are also called glides.
Suprasegmentals
- primary stress
- IPA [ˈ]
- secondary stress
- IPA [ˌ]
- syllable break
- IPA [.]
I only have a digital camera and takeing pictures of birds is problamatic, no long lens I could take em easy if I had a proper camera but alas I can't afford one. I will try to go to the zoo and get some pics there if possible. Belizian 19:13, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
